Immunization Requirements

麻疹(M) 引起发烧, 咳嗽, 流鼻涕, 和红色的, 水汪汪的眼睛, commonly followed by a 皮疹 that covers the whole body. 它可导致癫痫发作（通常伴有发烧）、耳部感染、腹泻和肺炎. Rarely, measles can cause brain damage or 死亡.

流行性腮腺炎(M) 引起发烧, 头疼, 肌肉酸痛, 疲劳, loss of appetite, 和 swollen 和 tender salivary gl和s under the ears. It can lead to deafness, swelling of the brain 和 spinal cord covering, painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries, 和, 很少, 死亡.

风疹(右) 引起发烧、喉咙痛、皮疹、头痛和眼睛刺激. 它会导致多达一半的青少年和成年女性患关节炎. If a person gets rubella while they are pregnant, they could have a miscarriage, 或者婴儿出生时可能患有严重的先天性残疾. 大多数接种MMR疫苗的人将获得终身保护，提供安全和安心. 疫苗和高接种率使得这些疾病在美国不那么常见.

• For more information, visit ny.gov/services/health.
• What is meningococcal meningitis? 这种类型的脑膜炎是血液或脑膜（覆盖大脑和脊髓的薄层）的严重细菌感染。. 这是一种相对罕见的疾病，通常作为单个孤立皇冠hg会员登录发生. Clusters of cases or outbreaks are rare in the U.S.
• How is the disease spread? 脑膜炎球菌病是通过呼吸道分泌物飞沫和与感染者直接接触通过空气传播的. 直接接触, for these purposes, 被定义为口腔接触共用物品，如香烟或饮水杯，或通过亲密接触，如接吻. 尽管任何人都可能接触到导致这种疾病的细菌, data also indicates certain social behaviors, such as exposure to passive 和 active smoking, 酒吧赞助, 和 excessive alcohol consumption, may put students at increased risk for the disease. Patients with respiratory infections, compromised immunity, those in close contact to a known case, 前往世界流行地区的旅行者也面临着更大的风险.
• What are the symptoms? 脑膜炎球菌病的早期症状通常包括发烧, severe 头疼, 脖子僵硬, 皮疹, 恶心想吐, 呕吐, 和昏睡, 和 may resemble the flu. Because the disease progresses rapidly, often in as little as 12 hours, 如果学生同时出现上述两种或两种以上症状，应立即寻求医疗护理. The disease can be fatal.
• How soon do the symptoms appear? 症状可能在接触后2至10天出现，但通常在5天内出现.
• What is the treatment for meningococcal disease? 抗生素, such as penicillin G or ceftriaxone, can be used to treat people with meningococcal disease.
• 与脑膜炎球菌性脑膜炎确诊病例有过接触的人是否应该接受治疗? 仅限密切接触者（家庭成员）, intimate contacts, 进行人工呼吸的医护人员, day care center playmates, 等.) need to be considered for preventive treatment. Casual contact as might occur in a regular classroom, 办公室, 或者工厂设置通常不重要到足以引起关注.
• Is there a vaccine to prevent meningococcal meningitis? 目前，有一种疫苗可以预防某些脑膜炎球菌菌株. It is recommended in outbreak situations, 对于那些前往世界上已知疾病高发地区的人来说. For some college students, such as freshmen living in dormitories, 患脑膜炎球菌病的风险略有增加. 疫苗的费用可能高达90美元，但费用可能由个人的健康保险政策支付.
• How effective is the vaccine? 该疫苗已被证明可以预防最常见的疾病毒株. 该疫苗对年龄较大的儿童和成人的血清A和C组有85%至100%的有效性.
• 疫苗安全吗？它提供保护的时间有多长? 该疫苗非常安全，不良反应轻微且罕见. 脑膜炎球菌疫苗的效力可能持续5年或更长时间.